India faces acute energy poverty and is set to double its energy capacity by 2030. To achieve this, coal, though still dominant, must be gradually displaced by clean energy sources, according to Sunita Narain, Director-General of the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). Speaking at the ‘National Dialogue on Renewable Energy for an Equitable Green Transition’ in December 2024, Narain emphasized the need for a methodical shift towards renewable energy to address the country's growing energy demands while combating climate change.
Despite coal still contributing 217.5 GW of India’s 440 GW installed capacity, Narain pointed out that its share is decreasing. Fossil fuels are expected to account for only 56% of total energy generation by 2030, down from 77% in 2024. In contrast, renewable energy is set to rise significantly, from 13% to 32% of the total energy mix by 2030.
Narain also stressed the importance of decarbonization, noting that renewable energy is crucial for reducing energy poverty and mitigating climate change. India's ambitious goal is to achieve 50% of its electricity capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030. This goal aligns with the country’s commitment to reducing emissions intensity by 45% from 2005 levels by the same year. To reach these targets, India plans to increase its renewable energy capacity from 175 GW in 2022 to 500 GW by 2030, with solar power being the primary driver.
However, challenges remain. Although India ranks fourth globally for renewable energy capacity, CSE researchers highlight that the country has yet to establish clear targets for the percentage of energy generation from non-fossil fuels. Additionally, several renewable energy projects remain uncommissioned, and the sector faces investment gaps. To address this, experts stress the need for fast-tracked capital investment, streamlined governance, and better integration of renewable energy with the country’s economic needs.
The road ahead will require collaborative efforts from both the government and private sectors to ensure a sustainable and equitable energy future for India.